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<\/p>"},"chapters":[{"params":{"content":[{"content":{"params":{"text":"

Welcome to the Water Planet Tutorial<\/strong>. This resource is designed to be used in full-screen mode with the table of contents always displayed. To set this mode, click the Expand button in the top right of the header AND click the Navigation Menu button in the top left of the header. Then begin making your way through the tutorial by watching the video below.<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"a915e184-6d90-46d1-b58c-3d88c22fdac8"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"visuals":{"fit":true,"controls":true},"playback":{"autoplay":false,"loop":false},"l10n":{"name":"Video","loading":"Video player loading...","noPlayers":"Found no video players that supports the given video format.","noSources":"Video is missing sources.","aborted":"Media playback has been aborted.","networkFailure":"Network failure.","cannotDecode":"Unable to decode media.","formatNotSupported":"Video format not supported.","mediaEncrypted":"Media encrypted.","unknownError":"Unknown error.","invalidYtId":"Invalid YouTube ID.","unknownYtId":"Unable to find video with the given YouTube ID.","restrictedYt":"The owner of this video does not allow it to be embedded."},"sources":[{"path":"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=pzxd5XKnyOI","mime":"video\/YouTube","copyright":{"license":"U"}}]},"library":"H5P.Video 1.6","metadata":{"contentType":"Video","license":"U","title":"Water Planet"},"subContentId":"4d246739-7909-4647-9323-ee2790c63b60"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"panels":[{"content":{"params":{"text":"

[music]
\nEarth is a water planet. Over 70% of the surface is covered with water in a series of interconnected basins creating one world ocean.
\n
\nThis rotatable sphere shows how this world ocean is distributed across the globe. The largest basin within the world ocean, representing 50% of it, is the Pacific Ocean, which sits between Asia, Australia, and the Americas. 25% of the world ocean is the Atlantic Ocean, which sits between the Americas, Africa, and Europe. 21% is the Indian Ocean, which sits south of India and between African and Australia. The smallest ocean is the Arctic Ocean. It sits mostly under sea ice at the North Pole. The portions of the oceans that sit around Antarctica toward the south pole are sometimes referred to as the Southern Ocean, but for our purposes, they will simply be parts of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans.
\n
\nSince Earth is a sphere, the best way to see the relative sizes of the oceans and continents is on a sphere, like this one. However, we often use flat-map representations to allow us to see all areas of the planet at the same time. Such a map is naturally inaccurate. For example, in this image of the oceans, we end up stretching the North and South Poles much wider than they actually are and cut off the very top and bottom, so we can make a rectangle.
\n
\nNow let\u2019s review the depths and heights of oceans and land. In this image, the light blue color represents the shallow margins or continental shelves of the continents and ocean islands \u2013 never deeper than 125 meters, or about 350 feet. The darker blue represents the deeper parts of the oceans \u2013 the deep abyssal plains, trenches, and mid-ocean ridges. These depths are, on average, 4000 meters or 4 km. The deepest part is the Marianas Trench, at 11 km. In comparison, when you look at the land, you see the higher-elevation areas are marked orange and red. Most of the land is not at a high elevation \u2013 the average height of land above sea level is 800 meters. The highest elevations are found in the Himalayas \u2013 Mt. Everest, the tallest, is approximately 9 km above sea level. This graphic shows how those depths and elevations compare. We can clearly see here that the average ocean depth is over 4 times deeper under sea level than the average continental surface is above sea level. In addition, the deepest spot is deeper by 2 km than the highest point. What that means is that the oceans have much more vertical relief than the land. If you think we have spectacularly large mountains on land, imagine what it would look like and feel like if we drained the oceans and could hike around the seafloor!
\n
\nHere is another image that shows the average depths of the four major oceans and compares them to the average elevation of the continents. Again, we see how many times deeper the oceans are on average than the land is high. This image also shows how much shallower the Arctic Ocean is than all the others.
\n
\nMeanwhile, what about all that water? No surprise that most of the world\u2019s water is in the oceans \u2013 97.2%. Of the remaining 2.8%, most of it is trapped in glaciers, most of the rest is stored in the ground. All the water that you currently see in lakes and streams, as well as what\u2019s held in the soil and the atmosphere, represent much much much less than 1% of all the world\u2019s freshwater.
\n
\nPause now. [music]
\n
\nHow does water move around between all these different reservoirs? To answer that question, we need to review the water cycle or hydrologic cycle, which you all probably first learned about back in grade school. What drives the hydrologic cycle? The sun. How? When it comes out, it dries up all the rain, or rather evaporation of water occurs. That evaporated water is carried in wind currents around the planet, where eventually it cools so much, water is forced out as precipitation \u2013 or rain. If it rains on land, it gets trapped in glaciers or streams or soaks into the ground. Eventually that water runs back toward the ocean, where it can get picked up again. Through continued evaporation and precipitation, water moves in and out of the various reservoirs, residing in each for limited time.
\n
\nThe residence time, or average length of time a water molecule resides in the oceans, is 4219 years. In comparison, the residence time of water in the atmosphere is 12.6 days. Why the difference? There is so much deep water in the oceans that isn\u2019t in contact with the atmosphere. That makes the oceans a large stable storage reservoir. The atmosphere on the other hand is short-term storage, where water resides on average a little less than two weeks \u2013 water enters and leaves easily and quickly, through evaporation and precipitation, like a city bus with passengers getting on and off at stops along the way. For example, the residence time of a passenger on a San Francisco MUNI bus might be about 25 minutes.
\n
\nAnother element of the water cycle that we will include and describe in more detail over the next few lectures is the water that soaks into the sediment that covers the seafloor (which acts like a wet sponge) and then sinks back into the mantle under the continents, where it\u2019s squeezed under high pressures. The water is squeezed out, and because it\u2019s less dense than anything around it, it rises upwards where it combines with hot rock and drops its melting point, causing it to melt. This water-rich melted rock is now less dense (melting rock causes it to expand, which makes it less dense), so it, too rises up, where it erupts as a volcano, and the water is released as one of the primary gases, re-entering the atmosphere and the surface hydrologic cycle, as discussed in the previous lecture on Earth\u2019s formation.
\n
\nNow let\u2019s look more closely at the glaciers. Today, glaciers (or land ice) cover 10% of the Earth\u2019s land surface. Periodically, during Earth\u2019s past history, these glaciers have grown up to three times larger, to cover, at their greatest extent, 30% of the planet\u2019s land surface (during periods we call Ice Ages). 6.5% of ocean volume is lost during those times and trapped on land as glaciers. This loss of water contributes to about 120 meters of sea level drop. Does that sound familiar, that depth? We mentioned it at the beginning of this lecture when we reviewed the depths of the oceans. It was the deepest part of the light-blue-colored continental margins, or continental shelves. These shelves are completely exposed when sea level drops during ice ages. The lowest edge of them is the shoreline and the limit of wave erosion. Sea level doesn\u2019t drop any lower. What do we call this lower limit? The continental shelf break. This image shows us the flat shelves, the edge or break, and then the deep abyssal plains that are as deep as 5000 m or 5 km.
\n
\nThis graph shows the temperature over the past 65 million years, since the time the dinosaurs went extinct. Notice how this temperature has been mostly many degrees Celsius higher than it is today. The cooling period that began about 15 million years ago, brought temperatures cold enough to produce glacial ice and a period of intermittent ice ages, called the Pleistocene Epoch, which has lasted for the past 1.6 million years of Earth\u2019s history.
\n
\nThis image shows how ice ages have progressed over the past million years. The high peaks on this image represent warming periods, such as the one we\u2019re in now \u2013 referred to as interglacials, because they happen between the low points, the glacials, or ice ages. Today\u2019s warming is an accelerated aspect of the normal warming that\u2019s been happening since the last ice age ended, about 10 to 15,000 years ago.
\n
\nHow do we get data on past ice ages? Our best source of that data comes from ocean sediments that collect on the bottom of the seafloor and contain shells of dead organisms. These shells can tell us the ocean temperatures at the time of the death, due to both chemical ratios in the shell as well as the species itself (warm-water versus cold-water species). From temperatures, we can infer sea level. We can also gather data on past global temperatures from studying ice cores.
\n
\nPause now. [music]
\n
\nIn upcoming lectures, we will touch on this subject again and describe the relationship between sea level and ice ages in more detail. [music]
\n
\n[end credits]
\n
\nWater Planet Produced by Katryn Wiese
\nCopyright: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0
\n
\nAll media produced by Katryn Wiese unless indicated below:
\n*Intro and exit music: used with permission (c) Alexis Harte (www.alexisharte.com)
\n*Google Earth globes \u2013 TerraMetrics, SIO, NOAA, U.S. Navy, NGA, GEBCO, IBCAO.
\n*Mt. Everest \u2013CC BY-SA 2.0 Attribution: Papa Lima Whiskey 2.
\n*Passengers boarding bus \u2013 Tom Prete \u2013 CC-BY 2.0
\n*Ice Age animation \u2013 Tanya Atwater \u2013 UC Santa Barbara.
\n*Global climate change graph \u2013 NOAA
\n*Greenland Ice Core Drilling \u2013 NOAA
\n*Benthic Foraminifera \u2013 USGS
\n*Sediment core -- Exploratorium -- CC-BY-NC 2.0
\n*Cenozoic temperature variations \u2013 The Open Atmospheric Science Journal, 2008, Target Atmospheric CO2: Where Should Humanity Aim? James Hansen et al. <\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"2d15084f-e221-42c6-afed-57ce1a23e786"},"title":"Water Planet Video Script (for review as needed)"}],"hTag":"h2"},"library":"H5P.Accordion 1.0","metadata":{"contentType":"Accordion","license":"U","title":"Water Planet Video Script (for review as needed)"},"subContentId":"8fd22166-de23-4a57-954d-86df3716ca7c"},"useSeparator":"enabled"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"

When done with the video above, continue through the remaining pages of this book to review content and images from the video, explore some content more deeply, and test your understanding through interactive ungraded quiz questions. The final page of the tutorial is a list of Additional Resources for students who want to dig even deeper into some of the video contents. When you've reached that page, you're done.<\/p>\n\n

To navigate to the remaining pages of this tutorial, use the arrow keys that appear in the header and footer. Or use the table of contents navigation menu, which you can toggle open or closed by using the button on the top left of the screen. <\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"ae173eae-6328-4cf7-a9a7-400aef1a5e39"},"useSeparator":"enabled"}]},"library":"H5P.Column 1.18","subContentId":"d7bf0253-f2f2-423c-a80e-6146a7588f15","metadata":{"contentType":"Column","license":"U","title":"Video: Water Planet"}},{"params":{"content":[{"content":{"params":{"decorative":false,"contentName":"Image","alt":"Hydrologic Cycle","file":{"path":"images\/file-62dc31057e9fe.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":1844,"height":882},"expandImage":"Expand Image","minimizeImage":"Minimize Image"},"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"},"subContentId":"316c4263-d611-4ae7-9f83-c6b7e586ea8d"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"

Above image: Hydrologic Cycle -- showing how water moves through the various reservoirs: atmosphere, oceans, and lithosphere.<\/em><\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"595ee5c7-a1ec-4f8e-965a-2dfeb3cb2d1a"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"decorative":false,"contentName":"Image","expandImage":"Expand Image","minimizeImage":"Minimize Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-663bbfac2922e.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":1024,"height":876},"alt":"Water cycle with reservoirs"},"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"},"subContentId":"2b8afa19-f939-4fbb-b282-44a079237200"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"

Observed estimates of global water cycle storages (in 103 km3) and their uncertainties. From Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 102, 10; 10.1175\/BAMS-D-19-0316.1<\/a><\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"f91ffb2b-1be8-4998-9c33-c6f233b860a6"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"

\n
When ocean water \"sinks\" into the ocean crust, what's actually happening?<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n
There are cracks in the ocean crust, and these cracks form where plates break apart or slide past each other or crash together or subduct. So cracks form where plates meet. Water sinks into the ocean floor through these cracks and through pores between sediment grains. It sits\/remains in the top layers only, primarily because the pressure is so great at depth that the cracks and holes are sealed. The deepest these waters move within the plate is to magma chambers that sit under the surface around volcanic centers. And of course at the spreading centers, the plate is thinnest, the cracks are largest, and the magma chambers nearest the surface! Once water gets into the top layers, and the entire plate subducts, those layers are squeezed under high pressure, and much of the water will rise upward out of those layers and into the overlying mantle (making it melt and producing volcanoes!).<\/p>\n\n
\n
Can a sink also be a reservoir?<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n
Sources, Sinks, and Reservoirs are all distinct things that apply to all kinds of cycles. (Which we'll be discussing all semester long.)
\n
\nReservoirs <\/strong>are locations where X is held (temporarily). X = water, carbon, nitrogen, nutrients -- whatever cycle we are discussing.
\n
\nSources <\/strong>are the processes that bring X into a new reservoir (also these can be other reservoirs that X moves FROM).
\n
\nSinks <\/strong>are the processes that take X away from a reservoir (also these can be other reservoirs that X moves TO).<\/p>\n\n
\n
Example:<\/strong>
\nIf we are discussing sources and sinks to the ocean reservoir, what is volcanic steam? Is that a source, sink, or reservoir?<\/p>\n\n
\n\t
The volcano itself is part of the lithosphere reservoir.<\/li>\n\t
The eruption of the gas is a SINK FROM the lithosphere reservoir and a SOURCE to the atmosphere reservoir (if the eruption happens on land) or a SOURCE to the ocean reservoir (if the eruption happens under water).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n
\n
<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"67ea9b72-52b9-4781-9e21-b7fec4bdfb17"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"introPage":{"showIntroPage":false,"startButtonText":"Start Quiz","introduction":""},"progressType":"dots","passPercentage":100,"disableBackwardsNavigation":false,"randomQuestions":false,"endGame":{"showResultPage":true,"showSolutionButton":false,"showRetryButton":true,"noResultMessage":"Finished","message":"Your result:","scoreBarLabel":"You got @finals out of @totals points","overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":100}],"solutionButtonText":"Show solution","retryButtonText":"Retry","finishButtonText":"Finish","submitButtonText":"Submit","showAnimations":false,"skippable":false,"skipButtonText":"Skip video"},"texts":{"prevButton":"Previous question","nextButton":"Next question","finishButton":"Finish","submitButton":"Submit","textualProgress":"Question: @current of @total questions","jumpToQuestion":"Question %d of %total","questionLabel":"Question","readSpeakerProgress":"Question @current of @total","unansweredText":"Unanswered","answeredText":"Answered","currentQuestionText":"Current question","navigationLabel":"Questions"},"override":{"checkButton":true,"showSolutionButton":"off","retryButton":"on"},"questions":[{"params":{"media":{"disableImageZooming":false},"taskDescription":"
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Biosphere (plants and animals)<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Moon<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Pressure (and winds)<\/div>\n"},{"correct":true,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Sun<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
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Rivers<\/p>\n"},"metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"4153e636-6f86-4633-a3f9-1aeed8128ee8"},"backgroundOpacity":100,"multiple":true},{"x":52.6955816781516,"y":81.07012565869476,"width":7.162545601945683,"height":2.8508816376165376,"dropZones":["0","1"],"type":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Hydrothermal Vents<\/p>\n"},"metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"3ce02ddc-37ba-45eb-81e5-efcc71ac1df9"},"backgroundOpacity":100,"multiple":true},{"x":75.27990593998041,"y":81.39047487272565,"width":8.661447659702612,"height":2.789672491319529,"dropZones":["0","1"],"type":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
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Sea Ice<\/p>\n"},"metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"efa2d4c7-433e-4e29-a513-4516209f0f3f"},"backgroundOpacity":100,"multiple":true}],"dropZones":[{"x":0,"y":8.107012565869477,"width":38.75,"height":6.282934738548845,"correctElements":["0","3","4","2"],"showLabel":true,"backgroundOpacity":100,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":""},"single":false,"autoAlign":true,"label":"
Ocean Water Sink <\/strong>(directly takes water out of the ocean)<\/div>\n"},{"x":0,"y":48.642075395216864,"width":38.75,"height":6.282934738548845,"correctElements":["0","1","2","4"],"showLabel":true,"backgroundOpacity":100,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":""},"single":false,"autoAlign":true,"label":"
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11,000 m (11 km)<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
9,000 m (9 km)<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
5,000 m (5 km)<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
4,000 m (4 km)<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
1,000 m (1 km)<\/div>\n"},{"correct":true,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
125 m (0.125 km)<\/div>\n"}],"overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":100}],"behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":false,"enableCheckButton":true,"type":"auto","singlePoint":false,"randomAnswers":false,"showSolutionsRequiresInput":true,"confirmCheckDialog":false,"confirmRetryDialog":false,"autoCheck":false,"passPercentage":100,"showScorePoints":true},"UI":{"checkAnswerButton":"Check","submitAnswerButton":"Submit","showSolutionButton":"Show solution","tryAgainButton":"Retry","tipsLabel":"Show tip","scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points","tipAvailable":"Tip available","feedbackAvailable":"Feedback available","readFeedback":"Read feedback","wrongAnswer":"Wrong answer","correctAnswer":"Correct answer","shouldCheck":"Should have been checked","shouldNotCheck":"Should not have been checked","noInput":"Please answer before viewing the solution","a11yCheck":"Check the answers. The responses will be marked as correct, incorrect, or unanswered.","a11yShowSolution":"Show the solution. The task will be marked with its correct solution.","a11yRetry":"Retry the task. Reset all responses and start the task over again."},"confirmCheck":{"header":"Finish ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to finish ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Finish"},"confirmRetry":{"header":"Retry ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to retry ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Confirm"},"question":"
During an ice age, sea level drops to the edge of the continental shelf, known as the shelf break<\/strong>. Which of the following depths below sea level is this location? (Light blue in this image.)<\/em><\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.MultiChoice 1.16","metadata":{"contentType":"Multiple Choice","license":"U","title":"Ice age depths"},"subContentId":"daa384b0-f8ea-4293-9124-bfd32e4ba1c4"},{"params":{"media":{"disableImageZooming":false},"answers":[{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
San Francisco's Pacific Coastline<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
The eastern coastline of Africa<\/div>\n"},{"correct":true,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
The northern coastline of Australia<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
The western coastline of South America<\/div>\n"}],"overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":100}],"behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":true,"enableCheckButton":true,"type":"auto","singlePoint":false,"randomAnswers":true,"showSolutionsRequiresInput":true,"confirmCheckDialog":false,"confirmRetryDialog":false,"autoCheck":false,"passPercentage":100,"showScorePoints":true},"UI":{"checkAnswerButton":"Check","submitAnswerButton":"Submit","showSolutionButton":"Show solution","tryAgainButton":"Retry","tipsLabel":"Show tip","scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points","tipAvailable":"Tip available","feedbackAvailable":"Feedback available","readFeedback":"Read feedback","wrongAnswer":"Wrong answer","correctAnswer":"Correct answer","shouldCheck":"Should have been checked","shouldNotCheck":"Should not have been checked","noInput":"Please answer before viewing the solution","a11yCheck":"Check the answers. The responses will be marked as correct, incorrect, or unanswered.","a11yShowSolution":"Show the solution. The task will be marked with its correct solution.","a11yRetry":"Retry the task. Reset all responses and start the task over again."},"confirmCheck":{"header":"Finish ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to finish ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Finish"},"confirmRetry":{"header":"Retry ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to retry ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Confirm"},"question":"
Review the following locations on the map above. Which of these has the widest continental shelf (light blue color)<\/em>?<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.MultiChoice 1.16","metadata":{"contentType":"Multiple Choice","license":"U","title":"Untitled Multiple Choice"},"subContentId":"2fbaf7ce-7699-4909-ad31-03241edacb1b"},{"params":{"media":{"disableImageZooming":false},"answers":[{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
11,000 m (11 km)<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
9,000 m (9 km)<\/div>\n"},{"correct":true,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
5,000 m (5 km)<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
4,000 m (4 km)<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
1,000 m (1 km)<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
125 m (0.125 km)<\/div>\n"}],"overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":100}],"behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":false,"enableCheckButton":true,"type":"auto","singlePoint":false,"randomAnswers":false,"showSolutionsRequiresInput":true,"confirmCheckDialog":false,"confirmRetryDialog":false,"autoCheck":false,"passPercentage":100,"showScorePoints":true},"UI":{"checkAnswerButton":"Check","submitAnswerButton":"Submit","showSolutionButton":"Show solution","tryAgainButton":"Retry","tipsLabel":"Show tip","scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points","tipAvailable":"Tip available","feedbackAvailable":"Feedback available","readFeedback":"Read feedback","wrongAnswer":"Wrong answer","correctAnswer":"Correct answer","shouldCheck":"Should have been checked","shouldNotCheck":"Should not have been checked","noInput":"Please answer before viewing the solution","a11yCheck":"Check the answers. The responses will be marked as correct, incorrect, or unanswered.","a11yShowSolution":"Show the solution. The task will be marked with its correct solution.","a11yRetry":"Retry the task. Reset all responses and start the task over again."},"confirmCheck":{"header":"Finish ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to finish ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Finish"},"confirmRetry":{"header":"Retry ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to retry ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Confirm"},"question":"
What is the average depth of the deepest parts of the abyssal plains? <\/strong>(Dark blue in this image.)<\/em><\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.MultiChoice 1.16","metadata":{"contentType":"Multiple Choice","license":"U","title":"Deepest abyssal plains"},"subContentId":"9cf4417a-1058-41b4-a66f-d6650c54afe6"},{"params":{"media":{"disableImageZooming":false},"answers":[{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
11,000 m (11 km)<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
9,000 m (9 km)<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
5,000 m (5 km)<\/div>\n"},{"correct":true,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
4,000 m (4 km)<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
1,000 m (1 km)<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
125 m (0.125 km)<\/div>\n"}],"overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":100}],"behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":false,"enableCheckButton":true,"type":"auto","singlePoint":false,"randomAnswers":false,"showSolutionsRequiresInput":true,"confirmCheckDialog":false,"confirmRetryDialog":false,"autoCheck":false,"passPercentage":100,"showScorePoints":true},"UI":{"checkAnswerButton":"Check","submitAnswerButton":"Submit","showSolutionButton":"Show solution","tryAgainButton":"Retry","tipsLabel":"Show tip","scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points","tipAvailable":"Tip available","feedbackAvailable":"Feedback available","readFeedback":"Read feedback","wrongAnswer":"Wrong answer","correctAnswer":"Correct answer","shouldCheck":"Should have been checked","shouldNotCheck":"Should not have been checked","noInput":"Please answer before viewing the solution","a11yCheck":"Check the answers. The responses will be marked as correct, incorrect, or unanswered.","a11yShowSolution":"Show the solution. The task will be marked with its correct solution.","a11yRetry":"Retry the task. Reset all responses and start the task over again."},"confirmCheck":{"header":"Finish ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to finish ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Finish"},"confirmRetry":{"header":"Retry ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to retry ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Confirm"},"question":"
Which of the following depths below sea level represents the average depth of the oceans?<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.MultiChoice 1.16","metadata":{"contentType":"Multiple Choice","license":"U","title":"Average depth"},"subContentId":"14857973-d22e-479b-9eca-67b5f3b91282"},{"params":{"media":{"disableImageZooming":false},"answers":[{"correct":true,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
11,000 m (11 km)<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
9,000 m (9 km)<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
5,000 m (5 km)<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
4,000 m (4 km)<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
1,000 m (1 km)<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
125 m (0.125 km)<\/div>\n"}],"overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":100}],"behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":false,"enableCheckButton":true,"type":"auto","singlePoint":false,"randomAnswers":false,"showSolutionsRequiresInput":true,"confirmCheckDialog":false,"confirmRetryDialog":false,"autoCheck":false,"passPercentage":100,"showScorePoints":true},"UI":{"checkAnswerButton":"Check","submitAnswerButton":"Submit","showSolutionButton":"Show solution","tryAgainButton":"Retry","tipsLabel":"Show tip","scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points","tipAvailable":"Tip available","feedbackAvailable":"Feedback available","readFeedback":"Read feedback","wrongAnswer":"Wrong answer","correctAnswer":"Correct answer","shouldCheck":"Should have been checked","shouldNotCheck":"Should not have been checked","noInput":"Please answer before viewing the solution","a11yCheck":"Check the answers. The responses will be marked as correct, incorrect, or unanswered.","a11yShowSolution":"Show the solution. The task will be marked with its correct solution.","a11yRetry":"Retry the task. Reset all responses and start the task over again."},"confirmCheck":{"header":"Finish ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to finish ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Finish"},"confirmRetry":{"header":"Retry ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to retry ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Confirm"},"question":"
Which of the following depths represents the deepest part of the oceans -- the Marianas Trench?<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.MultiChoice 1.16","metadata":{"contentType":"Multiple Choice","license":"U","title":"Marianas Trench"},"subContentId":"00020914-32b1-4d55-9aef-67ce702d3c5d"},{"params":{"media":{"disableImageZooming":false},"answers":[{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
11,000 m (11 km)<\/div>\n"},{"correct":true,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
9,000 m (9 km)<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
5,000 m (5 km)<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
4,000 m (4 km)<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
1,000 m (1 km)<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
125 m (0.125 km)<\/div>\n"}],"overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":100}],"behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":false,"enableCheckButton":true,"type":"auto","singlePoint":false,"randomAnswers":false,"showSolutionsRequiresInput":true,"confirmCheckDialog":false,"confirmRetryDialog":false,"autoCheck":false,"passPercentage":100,"showScorePoints":true},"UI":{"checkAnswerButton":"Check","submitAnswerButton":"Submit","showSolutionButton":"Show solution","tryAgainButton":"Retry","tipsLabel":"Show tip","scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points","tipAvailable":"Tip available","feedbackAvailable":"Feedback available","readFeedback":"Read feedback","wrongAnswer":"Wrong answer","correctAnswer":"Correct answer","shouldCheck":"Should have been checked","shouldNotCheck":"Should not have been checked","noInput":"Please answer before viewing the solution","a11yCheck":"Check the answers. The responses will be marked as correct, incorrect, or unanswered.","a11yShowSolution":"Show the solution. The task will be marked with its correct solution.","a11yRetry":"Retry the task. Reset all responses and start the task over again."},"confirmCheck":{"header":"Finish ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to finish ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Finish"},"confirmRetry":{"header":"Retry ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to retry ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Confirm"},"question":"
Which of the following elevations above sea level is the closest approximation to the elevation of Mt. Everest, the highest elevation on our planet?<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.MultiChoice 1.16","metadata":{"contentType":"Multiple Choice","license":"U","title":"Mt Everest"},"subContentId":"5b5537c7-2ab0-428a-a714-40bdf21d5364"},{"params":{"media":{"disableImageZooming":false},"answers":[{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
11,000 m (11 km)<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
9,000 m (9 km)<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
5,000 m (5 km)<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
4,000 m (4 km)<\/div>\n"},{"correct":true,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
1,000 m (1 km)<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
125 m (0.125 km)<\/div>\n"}],"overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":100}],"behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":false,"enableCheckButton":true,"type":"auto","singlePoint":false,"randomAnswers":false,"showSolutionsRequiresInput":true,"confirmCheckDialog":false,"confirmRetryDialog":false,"autoCheck":false,"passPercentage":100,"showScorePoints":true},"UI":{"checkAnswerButton":"Check","submitAnswerButton":"Submit","showSolutionButton":"Show solution","tryAgainButton":"Retry","tipsLabel":"Show tip","scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points","tipAvailable":"Tip available","feedbackAvailable":"Feedback available","readFeedback":"Read feedback","wrongAnswer":"Wrong answer","correctAnswer":"Correct answer","shouldCheck":"Should have been checked","shouldNotCheck":"Should not have been checked","noInput":"Please answer before viewing the solution","a11yCheck":"Check the answers. The responses will be marked as correct, incorrect, or unanswered.","a11yShowSolution":"Show the solution. The task will be marked with its correct solution.","a11yRetry":"Retry the task. Reset all responses and start the task over again."},"confirmCheck":{"header":"Finish ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to finish ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Finish"},"confirmRetry":{"header":"Retry ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to retry ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Confirm"},"question":"
Which of the following elevations above sea level is the closest approximation to the average elevation of land?<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.MultiChoice 1.16","metadata":{"contentType":"Multiple Choice","license":"U","title":"Average elevation of land"},"subContentId":"9de50420-a63c-44c8-b6fd-1b7599130c18"}],"disableBackwardsNavigation":false,"randomQuestions":false,"endGame":{"showResultPage":true,"showSolutionButton":false,"showRetryButton":true,"noResultMessage":"Finished","message":"Your result:","scoreBarLabel":"You got @finals out of @totals points","overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":100}],"solutionButtonText":"Show solution","retryButtonText":"Retry","finishButtonText":"Finish","submitButtonText":"Submit","showAnimations":false,"skippable":false,"skipButtonText":"Skip video"},"texts":{"prevButton":"Previous question","nextButton":"Next question","finishButton":"Finish","submitButton":"Submit","textualProgress":"Question: @current of @total questions","jumpToQuestion":"Question %d of %total","questionLabel":"Question","readSpeakerProgress":"Question @current of @total","unansweredText":"Unanswered","answeredText":"Answered","currentQuestionText":"Current question","navigationLabel":"Questions"},"override":{"checkButton":true,"showSolutionButton":"off","retryButton":"on"}},"library":"H5P.QuestionSet 1.20","metadata":{"contentType":"Question Set","license":"U","title":"Test Your Understanding"},"subContentId":"a1613c34-a708-493f-b3b5-d20cd2aa60ba"},"useSeparator":"auto"}]},"library":"H5P.Column 1.18","subContentId":"9a6ce925-0c44-40ea-afdb-a6cf2a3e5ff5","metadata":{"contentType":"Column","license":"U","title":"Map: World Relief (topography and bathymetery)"}},{"params":{"content":[{"content":{"params":{"decorative":false,"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-62dd83ff0833d.png","mime":"image\/png","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":574,"height":427},"alt":"Map view of the extent of the last ice age's continental ice sheet over North America","expandImage":"Expand Image","minimizeImage":"Minimize Image"},"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"},"subContentId":"1fb05b05-cc2f-48c6-8898-3dd8178d758f"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"
The extent of the Ice Sheets near the peak of the last ice age, 15,000 years ago. [redrawn based on a map at: <\/span>https:\/\/www.ncdc.noaa.gov\/paleo\/glaciation.html<\/a>] <\/span>Steve Earle, Physical Geology, CC-4.0 Intl.).<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"eefa94ee-825e-4281-b967-e12986975fbc"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"introPage":{"showIntroPage":false,"startButtonText":"Start Quiz","introduction":""},"progressType":"dots","passPercentage":100,"questions":[{"params":{"scoreShow":"Check","submit":"Submit","tryAgain":"Retry","scoreExplanation":"Correct answers give +1 point. Incorrect answers give -1 point. The lowest possible score is 0.","question":{"settings":{"size":{"width":620,"height":400}},"task":{"elements":[{"x":1.1617377057193405e-6,"y":90.49866187163988,"width":14.126623208120552,"height":1.5570246438541402,"dropZones":["0","1","2"],"type":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
New England (Maine to NY)<\/p>\n"},"metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"backgroundOpacity":100,"multiple":false},{"x":54.73708964921635,"y":90.49866187163988,"width":4.541624430617855,"height":1.5570246438541402,"dropZones":["0","1","2"],"type":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Oregon<\/p>\n"},"metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"backgroundOpacity":100,"multiple":false},{"x":68.31999708068855,"y":90.50086572876765,"width":4.699339499815847,"height":1.5570246438541402,"dropZones":["0","1","2"],"type":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
California<\/p>\n"},"metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"backgroundOpacity":100,"multiple":false},{"x":83.11928428214334,"y":90.49866187163988,"width":5.719992332788484,"height":1.5570246438541402,"dropZones":["0","1","2"],"type":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Washington<\/p>\n"},"metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"backgroundOpacity":100,"multiple":false},{"x":0,"y":79.81673574689924,"width":4.699679990755514,"height":1.5570246438541402,"dropZones":["0","1","2"],"type":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Canada<\/p>\n"},"metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"backgroundOpacity":100,"multiple":false},{"x":15.407477086446084,"y":79.81673574689924,"width":5.4852585922026,"height":1.5570246438541402,"dropZones":["0","1","2"],"type":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Wisconsin<\/p>\n"},"metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"backgroundOpacity":100,"multiple":false},{"x":83.72747416713463,"y":80.13097486401303,"width":5.4852585922026,"height":1.5570246438541402,"dropZones":["0","1","2"],"type":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Minnesota<\/p>\n"},"metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"backgroundOpacity":100,"multiple":false},{"x":32.436788841112545,"y":80.1312259999877,"width":13.341044606673465,"height":1.5570246438541402,"dropZones":["0","1","2"],"type":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Alaska (not the panhandle)<\/p>\n"},"metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"backgroundOpacity":100,"multiple":false}],"dropZones":[{"x":0,"y":6.284782342275531,"width":38.7492929792587,"height":4.713471608682519,"correctElements":["0","6","4"],"showLabel":true,"backgroundOpacity":100,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":""},"single":false,"autoAlign":true,"label":"
90% or more covered by ice<\/strong><\/div>\n"},{"x":0,"y":32.366629062718985,"width":38.7492929792587,"height":4.713471608682519,"correctElements":["5"],"showLabel":true,"backgroundOpacity":100,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":""},"single":false,"autoAlign":true,"label":"
Approximately 50% covered by ice<\/strong><\/div>\n"},{"x":0,"y":58.134236666048665,"width":38.7492929792587,"height":4.713471608682519,"correctElements":["7","2","1","3"],"showLabel":true,"backgroundOpacity":100,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":""},"single":false,"autoAlign":true,"label":"
0 to 15% covered by ice<\/strong><\/div>\n"}]}},"overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":100}],"behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableCheckButton":true,"singlePoint":false,"applyPenalties":true,"enableScoreExplanation":true,"dropZoneHighlighting":"dragging","autoAlignSpacing":2,"enableFullScreen":false,"showScorePoints":true,"showTitle":true},"grabbablePrefix":"Grabbable {num} of {total}.","grabbableSuffix":"Placed in dropzone {num}.","dropzonePrefix":"Dropzone {num} of {total}.","noDropzone":"No dropzone.","tipLabel":"Show tip.","tipAvailable":"Tip available","correctAnswer":"Correct answer","wrongAnswer":"Wrong answer","feedbackHeader":"Feedback","scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points","scoreExplanationButtonLabel":"Show score explanation","a11yCheck":"Check the answers. The responses will be marked as correct, incorrect, or unanswered.","a11yRetry":"Retry the task. Reset all responses and start the task over again.","localize":{"fullscreen":"Fullscreen","exitFullscreen":"Exit fullscreen"}},"library":"H5P.DragQuestion 1.14","metadata":{"contentType":"Drag and Drop","license":"U","title":"Wisconsin Ice Age Ice Coverage (based on image above)"},"subContentId":"299a740d-b336-4efb-af8f-b2456535369e"},{"params":{"media":{"disableImageZooming":false},"answers":[{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
1%<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
3%<\/div>\n"},{"correct":true,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
10%<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
30%<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
50%<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
75%<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
100%<\/div>\n"}],"overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":100}],"behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":false,"enableCheckButton":true,"type":"auto","singlePoint":false,"randomAnswers":false,"showSolutionsRequiresInput":true,"confirmCheckDialog":false,"confirmRetryDialog":false,"autoCheck":false,"passPercentage":100,"showScorePoints":true},"UI":{"checkAnswerButton":"Check","submitAnswerButton":"Submit","showSolutionButton":"Show solution","tryAgainButton":"Retry","tipsLabel":"Show tip","scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points","tipAvailable":"Tip available","feedbackAvailable":"Feedback available","readFeedback":"Read feedback","wrongAnswer":"Wrong answer","correctAnswer":"Correct answer","shouldCheck":"Should have been checked","shouldNotCheck":"Should not have been checked","noInput":"Please answer before viewing the solution","a11yCheck":"Check the answers. The responses will be marked as correct, incorrect, or unanswered.","a11yShowSolution":"Show the solution. The task will be marked with its correct solution.","a11yRetry":"Retry the task. Reset all responses and start the task over again."},"confirmCheck":{"header":"Finish ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to finish ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Finish"},"confirmRetry":{"header":"Retry ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to retry ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Confirm"},"question":"
What percentage of Earth's land surface is covered by glaciers today<\/strong>?<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.MultiChoice 1.16","metadata":{"contentType":"Multiple Choice","license":"U","title":"Untitled Multiple Choice"},"subContentId":"ee7cf44a-2677-4db8-9d74-ee2121d47b61"},{"params":{"media":{"disableImageZooming":false},"answers":[{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
1%<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
3%<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
10%<\/div>\n"},{"correct":true,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
30%<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
50%<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
75%<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
100%<\/div>\n"}],"overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":100}],"behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":false,"enableCheckButton":true,"type":"auto","singlePoint":false,"randomAnswers":false,"showSolutionsRequiresInput":true,"confirmCheckDialog":false,"confirmRetryDialog":false,"autoCheck":false,"passPercentage":100,"showScorePoints":true},"UI":{"checkAnswerButton":"Check","submitAnswerButton":"Submit","showSolutionButton":"Show solution","tryAgainButton":"Retry","tipsLabel":"Show tip","scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points","tipAvailable":"Tip available","feedbackAvailable":"Feedback available","readFeedback":"Read feedback","wrongAnswer":"Wrong answer","correctAnswer":"Correct answer","shouldCheck":"Should have been checked","shouldNotCheck":"Should not have been checked","noInput":"Please answer before viewing the solution","a11yCheck":"Check the answers. The responses will be marked as correct, incorrect, or unanswered.","a11yShowSolution":"Show the solution. The task will be marked with its correct solution.","a11yRetry":"Retry the task. Reset all responses and start the task over again."},"confirmCheck":{"header":"Finish ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to finish ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Finish"},"confirmRetry":{"header":"Retry ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to retry ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Confirm"},"question":"
What percentage of Earth's land surface was covered by glaciers during the last ice age<\/strong>?<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.MultiChoice 1.16","metadata":{"contentType":"Multiple Choice","license":"U","title":"Untitled Multiple Choice"},"subContentId":"103fc8b3-d920-4487-9d85-606e67503c4c"},{"params":{"media":{"disableImageZooming":false},"answers":[{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Abyssal plain<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Continental crust<\/div>\n"},{"correct":true,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Continental shelf<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Continental slope<\/div>\n"}],"overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":100}],"behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":true,"enableCheckButton":true,"type":"auto","singlePoint":false,"randomAnswers":true,"showSolutionsRequiresInput":true,"confirmCheckDialog":false,"confirmRetryDialog":false,"autoCheck":false,"passPercentage":100,"showScorePoints":true},"UI":{"checkAnswerButton":"Check","submitAnswerButton":"Submit","showSolutionButton":"Show solution","tryAgainButton":"Retry","tipsLabel":"Show tip","scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points","tipAvailable":"Tip available","feedbackAvailable":"Feedback available","readFeedback":"Read feedback","wrongAnswer":"Wrong answer","correctAnswer":"Correct answer","shouldCheck":"Should have been checked","shouldNotCheck":"Should not have been checked","noInput":"Please answer before viewing the solution","a11yCheck":"Check the answers. The responses will be marked as correct, incorrect, or unanswered.","a11yShowSolution":"Show the solution. The task will be marked with its correct solution.","a11yRetry":"Retry the task. Reset all responses and start the task over again."},"confirmCheck":{"header":"Finish ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to finish ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Finish"},"confirmRetry":{"header":"Retry ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to retry ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Confirm"},"question":"
What is the name of the feature that is exposed when sea level drops during an ice age?<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.MultiChoice 1.16","metadata":{"contentType":"Multiple Choice","license":"U","title":"Untitled Multiple Choice"},"subContentId":"bdcac709-fbd1-4e4f-b89e-41a98e0af9eb"}],"disableBackwardsNavigation":false,"randomQuestions":false,"endGame":{"showResultPage":true,"showSolutionButton":false,"showRetryButton":true,"noResultMessage":"Finished","message":"Your result:","scoreBarLabel":"You got @finals out of @totals points","overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":100}],"solutionButtonText":"Show solution","retryButtonText":"Retry","finishButtonText":"Finish","submitButtonText":"Submit","showAnimations":false,"skippable":false,"skipButtonText":"Skip video"},"texts":{"prevButton":"Previous question","nextButton":"Next question","finishButton":"Finish","submitButton":"Submit","textualProgress":"Question: @current of @total questions","jumpToQuestion":"Question %d of %total","questionLabel":"Question","readSpeakerProgress":"Question @current of @total","unansweredText":"Unanswered","answeredText":"Answered","currentQuestionText":"Current question","navigationLabel":"Questions"},"override":{"checkButton":true,"showSolutionButton":"off","retryButton":"on"}},"library":"H5P.QuestionSet 1.20","metadata":{"contentType":"Question Set","license":"U","title":"Test Your Understanding"},"subContentId":"414f75c7-44ea-4e5a-b0b8-651051656aea"},"useSeparator":"auto"}]},"library":"H5P.Column 1.18","metadata":{"contentType":"Column","license":"U","title":"Ice ages"},"subContentId":"bca1f540-7499-4d13-9f3d-7519a47f2e2f"},{"params":{"content":[{"content":{"params":{"introPage":{"showIntroPage":false,"startButtonText":"Start Quiz","introduction":""},"progressType":"dots","passPercentage":100,"questions":[{"params":{"media":{"disableImageZooming":false},"text":"
Convert meters to kilometers (1000 metes = 1 km)<\/p>\n","overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":100}],"showSolutions":"Show solution","tryAgain":"Retry","checkAnswer":"Check","submitAnswer":"Submit","notFilledOut":"Please fill in all blanks to view solution","answerIsCorrect":"':ans' is correct","answerIsWrong":"':ans' is wrong","answeredCorrectly":"Answered correctly","answeredIncorrectly":"Answered incorrectly","solutionLabel":"Correct answer:","inputLabel":"Blank input @num of @total","inputHasTipLabel":"Tip available","tipLabel":"Tip","behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":false,"enableCheckButton":true,"autoCheck":false,"caseSensitive":false,"showSolutionsRequiresInput":true,"separateLines":false,"confirmCheckDialog":false,"confirmRetryDialog":false,"acceptSpellingErrors":false},"scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points","a11yCheck":"Check the answers. The responses will be marked as correct, incorrect, or unanswered.","a11yShowSolution":"Show the solution. The task will be marked with its correct solution.","a11yRetry":"Retry the task. Reset all responses and start the task over again.","a11yCheckingModeHeader":"Checking mode","confirmCheck":{"header":"Finish ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to finish ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Finish"},"confirmRetry":{"header":"Retry ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to retry ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Confirm"},"questions":["
12,000 m = *12* km<\/p>\n"]},"library":"H5P.Blanks 1.14","metadata":{"contentType":"Fill in the Blanks","license":"U","title":"Conversion of units: Fill in the Blanks"},"subContentId":"2e415e1a-38fa-493d-8498-cee8a92c98cc"},{"params":{"media":{"disableImageZooming":false},"answers":[{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Arm length<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Hand width<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Height<\/div>\n"},{"correct":true,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Pinkie fingernail<\/div>\n"}],"overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":100}],"behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":false,"enableCheckButton":true,"type":"auto","singlePoint":false,"randomAnswers":false,"showSolutionsRequiresInput":true,"confirmCheckDialog":false,"confirmRetryDialog":false,"autoCheck":false,"passPercentage":100,"showScorePoints":true},"UI":{"checkAnswerButton":"Check","submitAnswerButton":"Submit","showSolutionButton":"Show solution","tryAgainButton":"Retry","tipsLabel":"Show tip","scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points","tipAvailable":"Tip available","feedbackAvailable":"Feedback available","readFeedback":"Read feedback","wrongAnswer":"Wrong answer","correctAnswer":"Correct answer","shouldCheck":"Should have been checked","shouldNotCheck":"Should not have been checked","noInput":"Please answer before viewing the solution","a11yCheck":"Check the answers. The responses will be marked as correct, incorrect, or unanswered.","a11yShowSolution":"Show the solution. The task will be marked with its correct solution.","a11yRetry":"Retry the task. Reset all responses and start the task over again."},"confirmCheck":{"header":"Finish ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to finish ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Finish"},"confirmRetry":{"header":"Retry ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to retry ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Confirm"},"question":"
Which of the following items on your body is closest to 1 cm (centimeter) <\/strong>wide?<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.MultiChoice 1.16","metadata":{"contentType":"Multiple Choice","license":"U","title":"Scale"},"subContentId":"d2aa168a-5912-4eba-ac23-a93f87a1a6aa"},{"params":{"media":{"disableImageZooming":false},"answers":[{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Arm length<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Hand width<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Height<\/div>\n"},{"correct":true,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Length from hip to floor<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Pinkie fingernail<\/div>\n"}],"overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":100}],"behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":false,"enableCheckButton":true,"type":"auto","singlePoint":false,"randomAnswers":false,"showSolutionsRequiresInput":true,"confirmCheckDialog":false,"confirmRetryDialog":false,"autoCheck":false,"passPercentage":100,"showScorePoints":true},"UI":{"checkAnswerButton":"Check","submitAnswerButton":"Submit","showSolutionButton":"Show solution","tryAgainButton":"Retry","tipsLabel":"Show tip","scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points","tipAvailable":"Tip available","feedbackAvailable":"Feedback available","readFeedback":"Read feedback","wrongAnswer":"Wrong answer","correctAnswer":"Correct answer","shouldCheck":"Should have been checked","shouldNotCheck":"Should not have been checked","noInput":"Please answer before viewing the solution","a11yCheck":"Check the answers. The responses will be marked as correct, incorrect, or unanswered.","a11yShowSolution":"Show the solution. The task will be marked with its correct solution.","a11yRetry":"Retry the task. Reset all responses and start the task over again."},"confirmCheck":{"header":"Finish ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to finish ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Finish"},"confirmRetry":{"header":"Retry ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to retry ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Confirm"},"question":"
Which of the following items on your body is closest to 1 m (meter) <\/strong>long or wide?<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.MultiChoice 1.16","metadata":{"contentType":"Multiple Choice","license":"U","title":"Scale"},"subContentId":"5a99e246-0711-486d-bdcc-dbd14ae51702"},{"params":{"media":{"disableImageZooming":false},"text":"
Complete this computation.<\/p>\n","overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":100}],"showSolutions":"Show solution","tryAgain":"Retry","checkAnswer":"Check","submitAnswer":"Submit","notFilledOut":"Please fill in all blanks to view solution","answerIsCorrect":"':ans' is correct","answerIsWrong":"':ans' is wrong","answeredCorrectly":"Answered correctly","answeredIncorrectly":"Answered incorrectly","solutionLabel":"Correct answer:","inputLabel":"Blank input @num of @total","inputHasTipLabel":"Tip available","tipLabel":"Tip","behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":false,"enableCheckButton":true,"autoCheck":false,"caseSensitive":false,"showSolutionsRequiresInput":true,"separateLines":false,"confirmCheckDialog":false,"confirmRetryDialog":false,"acceptSpellingErrors":false},"scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points","a11yCheck":"Check the answers. The responses will be marked as correct, incorrect, or unanswered.","a11yShowSolution":"Show the solution. The task will be marked with its correct solution.","a11yRetry":"Retry the task. Reset all responses and start the task over again.","a11yCheckingModeHeader":"Checking mode","confirmCheck":{"header":"Finish ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to finish ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Finish"},"confirmRetry":{"header":"Retry ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to retry ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Confirm"},"questions":["
The radius of our planet is about 6400 km. The circumference (distance around the Earth at the surface along the equator) is about 6.28 times the radius. That's how far you'd have to drive or fly to completely circle the Earth.<\/p>\n\n
How big is the circumference of our planet (in km)? *40,192\/40192\/40000\/40,000\/40,200\/40200* km<\/p>\n"]},"library":"H5P.Blanks 1.14","metadata":{"contentType":"Fill in the Blanks","license":"U","title":"Circumference Fill in the Blanks"},"subContentId":"57161ec4-7352-4b5b-a49d-64a0c7c14840"},{"params":{"media":{"disableImageZooming":false},"answers":[{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
20%<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
2%<\/div>\n"},{"correct":true,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
0.2%<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
0.02%<\/div>\n"}],"overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":100}],"behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":false,"enableCheckButton":true,"type":"auto","singlePoint":false,"randomAnswers":false,"showSolutionsRequiresInput":true,"confirmCheckDialog":false,"confirmRetryDialog":false,"autoCheck":false,"passPercentage":100,"showScorePoints":true},"UI":{"checkAnswerButton":"Check","submitAnswerButton":"Submit","showSolutionButton":"Show solution","tryAgainButton":"Retry","tipsLabel":"Show tip","scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points","tipAvailable":"Tip available","feedbackAvailable":"Feedback available","readFeedback":"Read feedback","wrongAnswer":"Wrong answer","correctAnswer":"Correct answer","shouldCheck":"Should have been checked","shouldNotCheck":"Should not have been checked","noInput":"Please answer before viewing the solution","a11yCheck":"Check the answers. The responses will be marked as correct, incorrect, or unanswered.","a11yShowSolution":"Show the solution. The task will be marked with its correct solution.","a11yRetry":"Retry the task. Reset all responses and start the task over again."},"confirmCheck":{"header":"Finish ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to finish ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Finish"},"confirmRetry":{"header":"Retry ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to retry ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Confirm"},"question":"
The deepest hole ever drilled into Earth's crust was 12 km, drilled by Russians into the side of a mountain. How does that depth (12 km) compare to the radius of the planet? What percentage of the Earth's radius have we drilled into?<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.MultiChoice 1.16","metadata":{"contentType":"Multiple Choice","license":"U","title":"Deepest hole"},"subContentId":"84c7e9b7-75ac-4e65-b5bd-e477811966c5"}],"disableBackwardsNavigation":false,"randomQuestions":false,"endGame":{"showResultPage":true,"showSolutionButton":false,"showRetryButton":true,"noResultMessage":"Finished","message":"Your result:","scoreBarLabel":"You got @finals out of @totals points","overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":100}],"solutionButtonText":"Show solution","retryButtonText":"Retry","finishButtonText":"Finish","submitButtonText":"Submit","showAnimations":false,"skippable":false,"skipButtonText":"Skip video"},"texts":{"prevButton":"Previous question","nextButton":"Next question","finishButton":"Finish","submitButton":"Submit","textualProgress":"Question: @current of @total questions","jumpToQuestion":"Question %d of %total","questionLabel":"Question","readSpeakerProgress":"Question @current of @total","unansweredText":"Unanswered","answeredText":"Answered","currentQuestionText":"Current question","navigationLabel":"Questions"},"override":{"checkButton":true,"showSolutionButton":"off","retryButton":"on"}},"library":"H5P.QuestionSet 1.20","metadata":{"contentType":"Question Set","license":"U","title":"Test Your Understanding"},"subContentId":"49e41935-4531-4dea-bff4-dad8fb4e58a9"},"useSeparator":"auto"}]},"library":"H5P.Column 1.18","subContentId":"69e34600-ef1c-45ec-ade1-b448deff3764","metadata":{"contentType":"Column","license":"U","title":"Test Your Understanding"}},{"params":{"content":[{"content":{"params":{"text":"
\n
The following resources are optional and intended for deeper exploration or clarification.<\/p>\n\n
Textbook chapters<\/strong><\/p>\n\n
\n\t
Open Textbook: Introduction to Oceanography\u2014Paul Webb -- Chapter 1: Introduction to the Oceans<\/a><\/li>\n\t
Open Textbook: Physical Geology, UBC -- Topography of the Seafloor<\/a><\/li>\n\t
Open Textbook: Introduction to Geology, SLCC -- Water Cycle<\/a><\/li>\n\t
Open Textbook: Vision Learning Earth Science -- Hydrologic Cycle<\/a><\/li>\n\t
USGS -- Water Cycle -- interactive reference website<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n
Additional resources<\/strong><\/p>\n\n
\n\tNASA Videos: Earth's Water Cycle<\/a> and Water, Water, Everywhere<\/a><\/li>\n\t
Nerdbot Video: How deep is the ocean?<\/a><\/li>\n\t
Visualization: Water Depths Made Real<\/a><\/li>\n\t
NSF Web article -- 1\/25\/2010: Geoscientists Drill Deepest Hole in Ocean Crust in Scientific Ocean Drilling History<\/a><\/li>\n\t
Web article -- Wikipedia -- Deepest Drilled Hole in Earth's Crust<\/a><\/li>\n\t
Webpage animations: 3-D Earth rotations<\/a><\/li>\n\t
TED talk: Robert Ballard: The astonishing hidden world of the deep ocean<\/a><\/li>\n\t
Caltech -- Video Talk -- YouTube -- Exploring Our Blue Planet Using Underwater Robots with Lily Dove<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"8056e661-49f1-4399-85e3-04c55576acc6"},"useSeparator":"auto"}]},"library":"H5P.Column 1.18","metadata":{"contentType":"Column","license":"U","title":"Additional Resources"},"subContentId":"7399eeb0-22dd-4787-b487-c8fcd304745a"}],"behaviour":{"defaultTableOfContents":true,"progressIndicators":true,"progressAuto":true,"displaySummary":false,"baseColor":"#1768c4","enableRetry":true},"read":"Read","displayTOC":"Display 'Table of contents'","hideTOC":"Hide 'Table of contents'","nextPage":"Next page","previousPage":"Previous page","chapterCompleted":"Page completed!","partCompleted":"@pages of @total completed","incompleteChapter":"Incomplete page","navigateToTop":"Navigate to the top","markAsFinished":"I have finished this page","fullscreen":"Fullscreen","exitFullscreen":"Exit fullscreen","bookProgressSubtext":"@count of @total pages","interactionsProgressSubtext":"@count of @total interactions","submitReport":"Submit Report","restartLabel":"Restart","summaryHeader":"Summary","allInteractions":"All interactions","unansweredInteractions":"Unanswered interactions","scoreText":"@score \/ @maxscore","leftOutOfTotalCompleted":"@left of @max interactions completed","noInteractions":"No interactions","score":"Score","summaryAndSubmit":"Summary & submit","noChapterInteractionBoldText":"You have not interacted with any pages.","noChapterInteractionText":"You have to interact with at least one page before you can see the summary.","yourAnswersAreSubmittedForReview":"Your answers are submitted for review!","bookProgress":"Book progress","interactionsProgress":"Interactions progress","totalScoreLabel":"Total score","a11y":{"progress":"Page @page of @total.","menu":"Toggle navigation menu"}}

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