{"showCoverPage":false,"bookCover":{"coverDescription":"

<\/p>"},"chapters":[{"params":{"content":[{"content":{"params":{"text":"

Welcome to the Geologic Cross-Sections Interactive Tutorial<\/strong>. This resource is designed to be used in full-screen mode with the table of contents always displayed. To set this mode, click the Expand button in the top right of the header AND click the Navigation Menu button in the top left of the header. Then begin making your way through the tutorial by reading the text below.<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"eb45d794-7bd3-4e5f-ad52-710a264f4a2e"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"

Making a geologic structural cross-section<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n

\n\t
Already done for you in the 3D models: <\/em>Choose carefully where you want to draw the section. To show as much structure as possible, sections are most commonly drawn perpendicular to the general strike of the beds or hinge axes if folds exist. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t
Already done for you in the 3D models: <\/em>Draw a cross-section line on the geologic map. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t
Already done for you in the 3D models (working with flat plain): <\/em> Make an accurate topographic profile without vertical exaggeration. If your topographic profile is exaggerated, the bed thicknesses and angles in the cross-section won't be correct. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t
Already done for you in the 3D models (top of the surface where sides meet surface): <\/em>Place the edge of a blank sheet of paper along the cross-section line on the map, and make tick marks on the paper everywhere a contact between rock formations appears. You will use this paper to transfer locations of contacts, and structural features such as fold axes, faults, and unconformities from the map to the profile.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t
Already done for you in the 3D models (top of the surface where sides meet surface): <\/em>Place the edge of the transfer paper along the topographic profile, and transfer the marks to the topographic surface in the same location it would appear on the map.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t
On the map, select an attitude symbol that is near the profile line (the closer, the better), near the contact, and has a strike line nearly perpendicular to the profile line. Note the dip. Transfer that dip to the profile you\u2019re drawing by using a protractor and ruler to extend the contact line a little bit below the surface. Continue for as many strike\/dip symbols as are available along the profile.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t
Strike\/dip symbols are most valid when they are close to the line. In some parts of the geologic map there are very few strikes and dips: use information farther from the line (extrapolate).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t
If the strike is not perpendicular to the profile line, the apparent dip (viewed in the plane of the cross-section) will be less than the actual dip. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t
Choose a bed that appears in multiple places in the profile and sketch it in (lightly, in pencil) both below the surface and projected above the surface, as it may have been before being eroded away. Take account of indicated dips, fold axes, etc. Remember, bed thickness must be the same everywhere. When you have gone as far as you can with the first bed\/layer, add others. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t
Be sure to make a logical, physically consistent interpretation. For example, if a formation appears at the surface at one end of the profile and not at the other, you have to explain it away. There are many possibilities: Is it simply not exposed (covered by other strata)? Has it been eroded away (unconformity)? Was it faulted out of the picture? Was it not deposited in that location? You must also be sure that the formations in your structure section stack up according to age. Don't put younger rocks beneath older rocks unless there is a good reason for it. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t
When your lightly penciled sketch looks good, make the lines heavier or ink them. The cross-section can be colored lightly to correspond with the colors on the geologic map. Label formations (Kfu, Tpt, etc.) and add an explanation or legend as on the geologic map, showing what the various colors and symbols stand for. Put a title on the completed cross-section.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"fb26bf7e-7ee5-4189-b7cb-1e30ffecfe73"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"
When done with the content above, continue through the remaining pages of this book to review content and images from the video and explore some content more deeply. The final page of the tutorial is a list of Additional Resources for students who want to dig even deeper into some of the video contents. When you've reached that page, you're done.<\/p>\n\n
To navigate to the remaining pages of this tutorial, use the arrow keys that appear in the header and footer. Or use the table of contents navigation menu, which you can toggle open or closed by using the button on the top left of the screen. <\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"6f549ab8-73f1-4b96-9db9-abe9b67749a7"},"useSeparator":"auto"}]},"library":"H5P.Column 1.18","subContentId":"07efd477-365a-4fdd-b53c-37658b259f54","metadata":{"contentType":"Column","license":"U","title":"Geologic Cross-Sections"}},{"params":{"content":[{"content":{"params":{"decorative":false,"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-62ba059ad0bf1.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":1544,"height":501},"alt":"Step 1 of making a geologic cross-section -- gathering data from the map","expandImage":"Expand Image","minimizeImage":"Minimize Image","title":"Step 1 of making a geologic cross-section -- gathering data from the map"},"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"},"subContentId":"704c1663-9564-44ad-91ad-f942847cc439"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"
Above image: Demonstration of how to build a geologic cross-section \u2013 first step: place piece of paper along the cross-section line (X-X\u2019), then mark each time you find a boundary between rock units (contacts). (Katryn Wiese, CC BY NC SA)<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"aa170d9a-7f33-424e-85ce-59ef28a277d1"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"decorative":false,"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-62ba05e8b0d20.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":1582,"height":547},"alt":"Step 2 of making a geologic cross-section -- transferring data from the map to the cross-section","expandImage":"Expand Image","minimizeImage":"Minimize Image","title":"Step 2 of making a geologic cross-section -- transferring data from the map to the cross-section"},"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"},"subContentId":"fa2202fd-e5c6-4890-82fd-346b25e3d511"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"
Above image: <\/span><\/span>Demonstration of how to build a geologic cross-section \u2013 second step: align your piece of paper along the topographic profile already created with no vertical exaggeration. Transfer each rock unit contact from your paper, upwards to where it hits the ground surface and make a tick mark there. (Katryn Wiese, CC BY NC SA)<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"c46fc76f-81b8-4516-a9d9-f33a94720268"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"decorative":false,"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-62ba060ac5ee6.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":1472,"height":494},"alt":"Step 3 of making a geologic cross-section -- sketching the structure","expandImage":"Expand Image","minimizeImage":"Minimize Image","title":"Step 3 of making a geologic cross-section -- sketching the structure"},"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"},"subContentId":"38566050-9da6-4f53-b917-f4a98347fd31"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"
Above image: Demonstration of how to build a geologic cross-section \u2013 last step: use the closest attitude marks from the map to extend the rock unit contacts down below the surface in the right direction and at the right angle (review from last week\u2019s lab how you completed the sides of the box diagrams). (Katryn Wiese, CC BY NC SA)<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"0eff1d7a-27fd-4bd0-8605-021a187233d8"},"useSeparator":"auto"}]},"library":"H5P.Column 1.18","subContentId":"39d1ac3b-71ba-46f9-b4a6-c2ab8397f5df","metadata":{"contentType":"Column","license":"U","title":"Demonstration"}},{"params":{"content":[{"content":{"params":{"text":"
\n
Additional resources for deeper exploration or further clarification<\/strong><\/p>\n\n
\n
Textbooks<\/strong><\/p>\n\n
\n\t
Introductory Physical Geology Laboratory Manual -- University of Saskatchewan -- Overview of Geological Structures Part 1: Strike, Dip, and Structural Cross-Sections <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n
\n
Websites and Videos<\/strong><\/p>\n\n
\n\tIndividual 3D models for you to manipulate:\n\t
\n\t\t
Tilted beds with dike<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t
Horizontal beds with fault and dike<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t
Multiple non-plunging folds<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t
Multiple plunging folds<\/a><\/li>\n\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
TMart Science Video: Folding and Faulting<\/a><\/li>\n\t
3D Visible Geology<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"b8005a0f-af62-469a-9676-06f5fded1951"},"useSeparator":"auto"}]},"library":"H5P.Column 1.18","subContentId":"26d03cc9-3e9b-4840-9e12-3c2534a34fb7","metadata":{"contentType":"Column","license":"U","title":"Additional Resources"}}],"behaviour":{"defaultTableOfContents":true,"progressIndicators":true,"progressAuto":true,"displaySummary":false,"baseColor":"#1768c4","enableRetry":true},"read":"Read","displayTOC":"Display 'Table of contents'","hideTOC":"Hide 'Table of contents'","nextPage":"Next page","previousPage":"Previous page","chapterCompleted":"Page completed!","partCompleted":"@pages of @total completed","incompleteChapter":"Incomplete page","navigateToTop":"Navigate to the top","markAsFinished":"I have finished this page","fullscreen":"Fullscreen","exitFullscreen":"Exit fullscreen","bookProgressSubtext":"@count of @total pages","interactionsProgressSubtext":"@count of @total interactions","submitReport":"Submit Report","restartLabel":"Restart","summaryHeader":"Summary","allInteractions":"All interactions","unansweredInteractions":"Unanswered interactions","scoreText":"@score \/ @maxscore","leftOutOfTotalCompleted":"@left of @max interactions completed","noInteractions":"No interactions","score":"Score","summaryAndSubmit":"Summary & submit","noChapterInteractionBoldText":"You have not interacted with any pages.","noChapterInteractionText":"You have to interact with at least one page before you can see the summary.","yourAnswersAreSubmittedForReview":"Your answers are submitted for review!","bookProgress":"Book progress","interactionsProgress":"Interactions progress","totalScoreLabel":"Total score","a11y":{"progress":"Page @page of @total.","menu":"Toggle navigation menu"}}

Activity Preview

Instructor Overview

Shared By

Metadata

Title

Subject

License

License Attribution

H5P Type

Accessibility

Shared On

Last Updated

Shared in Library

H5P ID

Adapt ID